一种分散在多孔碳上的碳包覆硅负极的制备及应用

硅负极具有高比容量的显著优势,其理论比容量（4 200 mA∙h/g）达到传统石墨负极的10倍以上,被认为是锂离子电池最有潜力的负极之一。然而,硅负极存在导电性较差、充放电过程中体积膨胀巨大等诸多问题,导致其循环性能较差,限制了大规模实际应用。本文提供了一种高性能硅负极的制备方法及应用,通过将硅负极分散在多级孔碳中,连同黏结剂聚丙烯腈涂覆在集流体上,再对极片进行热处理实现聚丙烯腈碳包覆,有效提高电极的整体导电性并能为巨大的体积变化提供空间,从而提升硅负极的大倍率性能和循环稳定性。     

Transparent Electrothermal Film Defoggers and Antiicing Coatings based on Wrinkled Graphene

Fog, frost, ice, and other natural phenomena can inevitably affect human life and the function of equipment. Therefore, removal or prevention is an urgent problem to be solved. As a new type of 2D material, graphene possesses great application potential in defogging and antiicing. In this work, a graphene film with intentionally increased defects and uniformly distributed wrinkles is synthesized on copper–zinc alloy substrates by chemical vapor deposition, and transparent electrothermal film defoggers are prepared based on such material. The defoggers can completely remove fog within 5 s when supplying a safe voltage of 28 V. The surface resistance of the defoggers is sensitive to humidity and it can monitor the defogging process in real time. Such outstanding performance is attributed to the ultrafast evaporation mechanism, which can prevent excessive water accumulation. The antiicing performance of wrinkled graphene (WG) is further studied. The antiicing coatings can delay freezing for 1.25 h at ?15 °C or 2.8 h at ?10 °C. The superior performance of WG can be explained by its unique surface structure and nanoscale roughness. Taken together, WG is expected to be used in antifog glass, rearview mirror defogging, aircraft surface deicing, and other applications.     

含氢类金刚石涂层在船用柴油机柱塞上的应用

利用磁控溅射和等离子增强化学气相沉积复合技术,以 Cr、WC、石墨为靶材,Ar和C₂H₂为工作气体,在船用低速柴油机柱塞上涂覆了过渡层依次为Cr、WC的含氢类金刚石涂层。结果表明:涂层晶体生长良好,结构连续致密,均未出现分层、开裂及剥离的现象;涂层相对光滑,大幅度提高了柱塞表面的纳米硬度与弹性模量,同时降低了在重柴油环境下的摩擦因数,长时间的台架试验后未涂覆涂层的柱塞表面出现非常明显的平行状沟槽磨痕,而且整体磨损比较严重,而涂覆涂层的柱塞表面磨痕非常窄且浅,数量较少,类金刚石涂层可以明显提高柱塞表面的耐磨损性能。     

Thermal behaviour of vitreous ceramic coatings obtained by electrophoretic deposition for furnace components

In this study, three different vitreous ceramic coatings have been designed to improve radiation heat transfer and thereby increase the thermal efficiency of fired heaters or furnaces working at high temperatures. The vitreous ceramic coatings were produced through Electrophoretic Deposition technique (EPD) of ceramic suspensions. These ceramic formulations were designed based on components which increase emissivity, such as SiO₂ and a Black dye (based on chromium, copper and iron oxides), added in 25 wt%. These coatings showed emissivity values around 0.89 at room temperature and around 0.82 at 550 °C in the middle infrared (MIR) spectral range, with slight differences between them. The SiO₂ and Black dye additions provide an important protective effect on the coatings’ thermal stability as it was proved by the absorbance level at long times, higher than 85% in the near infrared (NIR) spectral range. These results were also supported by microstructural characterisation, substrate-coatings adhesion strength and thermal stability tests.     

Formation of a protective layer against corrosion on Mg alloy via alkali pretreatment followed by vanillic acid treatment

Although Mg alloy possesses high specific strength, low density, and good biocompatibility, poor corrosion resistance hinders its further applications. In the present study, an innovative protective layer against corrosion was prepared on the AZ31 Mg alloy via alkali pretreatment followed by vanillic acid treatment. The alkali pretreatment supplied –OH for the AZ31 Mg alloy surface to react with vanillic acid. The vanillic acid treatment played a crucial role in enhancing the corrosion resistance due to the excellent ability to act as a barrier and retard aqueous solution penetration, which effectively isolated the underlying Mg alloy from the corrosive environment. The corrosion current density of alkali and vanillic acid-treated Mg alloy (AZ31V) almost showed two orders of magnitude lower values in comparison with that of the AZ31 Mg alloy, and the corrosion potential of AZ31V Mg alloy increased from −1.41 to −1.25 V. The immersion tests proved that there was no occurrence of severe corrosion. Hence, the alkali pretreatment and vanillic acid treatment may represent a promising method to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloy.     

GO@TA-Fe/PVDF纳米复合材料制备与介电性能

为降低氧化石墨烯（GO）/聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）体系的介电损耗，本文采用单宁酸-铁配合物（TA-Fe）修饰GO表面，将改性GO和PVDF复合后制得了GO@TA-Fe/PVDF纳米复合电介质材料，研究了GO@TA-Fe对PVDF复合材料的微观形貌及介电性能影响。研究结果表明，TA-Fe包覆层强化了GO与PVDF基体间界面相容性及界面作用力，促进了GO在基体中均匀分散；TA-Fe界面层的存在显著降低了GO/PVDF漏导电流及损耗，归因于绝缘界面层有效阻止了GO之间直接接触，抑制漏导电流；TA-Fe用量对体系介电性能有明显影响，随TA-Fe用量增大，体系的介电损耗和电导率显著降低。与GO/PVDF相比，质量分数2%的GO@TA-Fe/PVDF在100Hz下介电常数为1000，而介电损耗由19.8降低为0.08。本研究制备的高介电常数及低损耗的柔性GO@TA-Fe/PVDF纳米电介质材料在电子器件及电力设备领域具有潜在应用。     

Al-doping induced superior lithium ion storage capability of LiNiO2 spheres

To optimize the performance of LiNiO₂ with minimal modification of the pristine structure, a facile solid-state approach, based on the interdiffusion of elements at the solid/solid interface, is developed to achieve uniformly Al-doped LiNiO₂ using alumina coated Ni(OH)₂ spheres as the precursor. The resulting LiNi_0.95Al_0.05O₂ material exhibits excellent discharge capacity (209.9 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C) and cycling stability with a capacity retention of 85.10% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. This is ascribed to the improved reversibility of the phase transitions by Al-doping as revealed by in-situ XRD characterization. The Al-doping also endows the material with superior rate capability due to the enlarged interlayer spacing in the structure and alleviation of the side reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, favorable for lithium ion diffusion. An optimal amount of doped Al is necessary for ensuring the structure stability and interface ionic conductivity of the LiNiO₂ spheres. Thus, the present strategy may provide an opportunity to optimize the performance of LiNiO₂, with uniform doping of a small amount of Al, producing a promising cathode material for advanced lithium ion batteries.     

机械涂覆技术在光催化材料制备中的应用进展

机械球磨技术因工艺简单、成本低廉而受到广泛关注,特别在粉体材料的混合、细化及合金化等领域有着广阔的应用前景。综述了由机械球磨原理发展而成机械涂覆技术的应用现状,包括用于材料表面改性的功能涂层和光催化降解的薄膜材料制备。分析了工艺参数、涂覆材料及涂覆基底等因素对涂覆效果（厚度）的影响规律,并对该技术在薄膜制备中表现出的简便、廉价且可在球形等形状复杂基底上成膜的独特优势做了讨论。基于当前机械涂覆技术制备的薄膜形貌、厚度不可控且成膜基底材质受限等现状,指出今后应该向拓展成膜基底材料类型和加快推进光催化薄膜材料的实际应用方向发展。     

Enhancement of oxidation and wear resistance of Fe-based amorphous coatings by surface modification of feedstock powders

Surface oxidation of the in-flight powders during the preparation of amorphous coatings in high velocity oxygen fuel process causes the formation of oxygen-rich intersplat regions. These regions are brittle in nature and can dramatically deteriorate the mechanical performance of the coatings. To solve this problem, the starting FeCrMoCBY amorphous feedstock powders were modified by electroless plating a thin layer of Ni–W–P amorphous phase. It was found that the covering of the Ni–W–P layer can significantly reduce the oxygen content in the resultant Fe-based amorphous coatings. The wear resistance of the coatings with and without the modification of Ni–W–P thin layer was comparatively studied by ball-on-disk wear tests against Si₃N₄ counterpart in air. It revealed that the wear of two types of coatings follows the same oxidation wear mechanism but the modified coating exhibits much better wear resistance due to the improved oxidation resistance.